What is the typical presentation of tetralogy of Fallot?

The typical presentation of tetralogy of Fallot consists of a distinct set of anatomical anomalies that include a ventricular septal defect (VSD), right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (which may be due to pulmonary stenosis), an overriding aorta (where the aorta is positioned directly over the ventricular septal defect instead of aligning with the left ventricle), and right ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the muscular walls of the right ventricle).

This combination leads to a unique clinical picture, as the outflow obstruction and the VSD can cause oxygen-poor blood to flow into the systemic circulation, leading to cyanosis, especially during exertion, feeding, or crying in infants. Additionally, the presence of right ventricular hypertrophy reflects the increased workload on the right ventricle due to the obstructive pathology.

Understanding that tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by these four specific defects is crucial, as it differentiates this condition from other congenital heart defects that may present with different combinations of physiological or anatomical abnormalities. The other choices present different congenital heart conditions that do not encompass the classic four features of tetralogy of Fallot.